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THE 




ELEMENTS 



9toslo#aj:Mt (grammar: 



TO WHICH ARE ADDED 



PRAXIS AND VOCABULARY; 



Rev. J. L. SISSON, M.A. 

Of Clare-Hall, Cambridge, 




LEEDS : 

Printed by Benjamin Dewhirst, 4 
AND SOLD BY LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN, 
TATERNOSTER-ROW; & BLANCHARD, CITY-ROAD, LONDON; 
DEIGHTON, CAMBRIDGE ; AND PARKER, OXFORD. 



MDCCCXIX. 



f£|3 



r 



^^ 



atsbcrtisrmrnt. 



THE following Pages have been compiled with a view of 
offering to the Public, in a compressed Form, the principal 
Tarts of Dr. Hickes's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, a Book now 
seldom to be met with. 

An increasing research into Works published during the 
infancy of English Literature, and the prevailing Taste for 
Antiquarian Studies, (neither of which can be successfully 
pursued without a Knowledge of Anglo-Saxon) have induced 
the Compiler to attempt what he has long looked for from 
abler Hands. 

In the Arrangement of this Work, the Plan of Dr. Valpy's 
excellent Latin Grammar has been adhered to, as closely as 
the peculiarities of the two Languages would permit ; and 
whilst brevity has been throughout consulted, obscurity has 
at the same Time been carefully avoided. 

A short Praxis and Vocabulary are added for the Exercise 
of the Learner. 

Wakefield, Nov. 1st, 1819. 



ELEMENTS 



or 



ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. 



GRAMMAR is the art of speaking and 
writing with propriety. 

The subject of Grammar is sentences; 
sentences consist of words ; words of syllables; 
and syllables of letters. 

The Anglo-Saxon letters are twenty-five. 



Name. 


Power. 


Name. 


Power. 




£ a 


a 


o 


o 







B b 


b 


p 


P 


P 




E c 


c 


Q 


q 


q 




D b 


d 


R 


p 


r 


1 


e e 


e 


8 


r 


s 




F F 


/ 


T 


t 


t 


1 


E S 


g 


DP SJ> 


th* 




P h 


h 


U 


u 


u or v 


1 


I i 


i or j 


W 


p 


w 




K k 


k 


X 


X 


X" 


L 1 


I 


Y 


y 


y 




GO m 


m 


Z 


z 


z 




N n 


n 











Other characters are, ^ and ; f that ; 
f or ; a period or full stop is marked thus, \ • 
or thus, 7. ; other pauses in a sentence thus, . 

Note, K and Q are seldom used, but in 
their stead, c, cp, or cu. 



* As the Greek © f 



6 

Of the twenty-five letters, a, e, 1, o, u, are 
vowels, the rest are consonants. 

A vowel can sound alone. A consonant 
cannot sound without a vowel, though the 
Anglo-Saxons often omit the vowels, particu- 
larly at the end of words, as in the following, 
Nempc, Een#, Rixl. 

A syllable consists of one or more letters 
forming one sound. 

A diphthong consists of two vowels form- 
ing one syllable. 

The Anglo-Saxon dipthongs are ae, oe. 
A word consists of one or more syllables, 
Some letters particularly vowels and diph- 
thongs, are used indifferently for each other, 
thus, 

j£ and a, as JEc or Ac, an oak : JEceji, 
or Aceji, afield. 

JE and ea, as M or Ga, water : iEc or 
6ac> eternal. 

M and oe, as iEjhpeji or oe^hpep, every- 
where* 

JE and y, as JE\c or Ylc, each. 
6, i, and y, as Gpel or Ypel, evil : Cmbe^ 
imbe or ymbe, about. 

Consonants are also sometimes used for 
each other. 

B, p, and u, as Obep, opep, or oueji, over: 
Ipe£ or mej, ivy. 

h and k, as Eynmg or kyninj, a king. 

)u and q, as Lpen or quen, a queen. 

C and i consonant, as Deo or leo, formerly. 



PARTS OF SPEECH. 

The parts of speech are eight. 1 . Article, 
2. Noun, 3. Pronoun, 4. Verb, 5. Adverb, 
6. Conjunction, 7. Preposition, and 8. Inter- 
jection. 

Articles, Nouns, and Pronouns are de- 
clined with number, case, and gender. 

There are two numbers, the singular and 
the plural. 

The singular speaks of one, as SmiS, a smith. 

The plural speaks of more than one, as 
SmiSaf , smiths. 

There are six cases, the nominative, the 
genitive, the dative, the accusative, the voca- 
tive, and the ablative. 

The nominative comes before the verb. 

The genitive has the sign, of. 

The dative has the signs, to or for. 

The accusative follows the verb. 

The vocative calls or addresses. 

The ablative has the signs, by, from, in, 
with, and than. 

There are three genders, the masculine, 
the feminine, and the neuter. 

Articles are prefixed to nouns to denote 
their gender, and are thus declined : 

PLURAL. 
M. F. N. 

■N. Da. 
G. J?aejia. 
D. Jmm. 
Ac.J?a. 
V. — 
A. J?am. 



SINGULAR. 

feo \&c. 



M. 

N. 8e 

G, J?eef ]?aepe \\y or j?af . 

D. jmm J?aejie J)am. 

Ac. bone ba bar. 

V. — _ _ 

A. jram J?aepe J?am. 



8 

The article is prefixed not only to appella- 
tives, but also to proper names, as, 8e Sibba 
mib ealle hiy polce. Sibba with all Ids people. 

The neuter article \&c is also frequently 
prefixed to masculine and feminine nouns for 
the sake of emphasis. Daene and ]?ene are 
often used for Jx>ne; Done and |>asne are 
sometimes put for the dative }?am, as in the 
following example : Ic Beba p enbe Jjietan 
J?one leopejtmn Eynm^e. 1 Bede send greet- 
ing to the most beloved king. 

Dan is often written for ]?am : j?seji and 
po for y eo ; as also Ssejie for J>a, the accu- 
sative feminine singular. 

The feminine article is also sometimes 
used for the masculine, as, 8eo Bijxop, for 
Se Brpcop, the bishop. 

The pronoun is also often prefixed even to 
the article for the sake of greater emphasis, 
as, Lpae'S he ye Bif cop him tro. The bishop 
said to him. 

De is prefixed to nouns in all cases and 
both numbers, in the same manner as the 
English the, thus, De heopenhca paebeji. anb 
j?e y unu. anb J?e hal£a , £aj-tr. The heavenly 
Father, and the Son, and the holy Ghost. 

8eo is often changed into J?eo, and J?am 
into Jry, 

The learner must remember that in Anglo- 
Saxon, the prepositive article often assumes 
the nature of a demonstrative or relative pro- 
noun.. 



9 



OF NOUNS. 

There are two kinds of nouns, substantives, 
and adjectives. 

A substantive is the name of a thing. 

Substantives are either simple, as puj% a 
house : -^Ej, an egg : or compound, as, 
J?enne-aej, a htns egg. 

Declension is the change of a noun in its 
cases and numbers. 

There are four declensions of substantives. 

The lirst declension makes the genitive 
case singular to end in ey ; the dative in e; 
the nominative plural in aj~, the genitive in a; 
and the dative in urn, as in the following ex- 
ample. 



SINGULAR. 

N. SmiS, a smith, 
G. pm l Sej\ 
D. fmiSe. 
Ac. ymi%. 
V. eala J?u j* mi#. 
A. pniSe 



PLURAL. 

N. SmiSap, smiths. 

G. pm$a. 

D. pm'Sum. 

Ac. piiiSap. 

V. eala je pmi$aj\ 

A. pinSum, 



Some nouns of this declension make the 
nominative plural to end in u. 

singular. 
N. Tfnbjir, a sense. 
G. anbjicej\ 



D. anbjire. 
Ac. anb jir. 
V. eala J?u anb^it. 
A. anbjite. 



plural. 
N. Xnb^itu, senses. 
G. anbjit:a. 
D. anbjrcum. 
Ac. anb^iru. 
V. eala ge anjitru. 
A. anbgiru. 



10 

The plural termination u is often changed 
into o and a, as £emaejio and £ema3jia, for 
^emaejiu, boundaries. 

Other nouns of this declension make the 
nominative case plural the same as the no- 
minative singular, thus, 



SINGULAR. 



N. IDopb, a word. 

G. pojibep. 

D, pojibe. 

Ac.popb. 

V, eala J?u pojib. 

A. pojibe. 



PLURAL. 

N. IDojib, words. 
G. pojiba. 
D. pojibum. 
Ac. pojib, 
V, eala £e pojib. 
A. pojibum. 



The second declension makes the nomina- 
tive and vocative singular in a: the other 
cases singular in an : the nominative, accusa- 
tive, and vocative plural in an, and the other 
cases as in the first declension. 



SINGULAR. 

N. UJitega, aprophet. 

G. pitre^an. 

D. pitrejan. 

Ac. pitejan. 

V. eala ]>\i pite^a. 

A, pi«ce£an. 



PLURAL. 

i, prophets 



N. pit:e£an,^ 
G. pifce^ena. 
D. pifcegum. 



Ac. pit:e£an. 

v ^.ciIq -r^. pite^an. 



V. eala *gz y 
A. pitejum. 



Proper names ending in a are declined in 
the same manner, also adjectives, pronouns, 
and participles, having a added to their regular 
terminations, as Se ylca for 8e ylc, &c. 



11 



SINGULAR. 

N. CDapia, Mary. 

G. CDapian. 

D. CDapian. 

Ac. CDapian. 

V. eala jm CDapia. 

A. CDapian. 
The third declension makes the genitive 
singular to end in e, and the nominative plu- 
ral in a : in all other cases it is like the first 
declension. 



SINGULAR. 

N. IDiln, a maid. 

G. pilne. 

D. pilne. 

Ac. piln. 

V. eala J?u piln. 

A. pilne. 



PLURAL. 

N. Uhlna, maids. 

G. pilna. 

D. pilnum. 

Ac. pilna. 

V. eala je pilna. 

A. pilna. 



In this manner also is declined ppuprop, 
a sister ', which makes in the nominative plu- 
ral ppuptropa, sisters. 

The fourth declension makes the nomina- 
tive case singular in u ; the genitive in a; 
the dative, accusative, and vocative in u; 
and all cases plural as those of the third 
declension. 



SINGULAR. 

N. Sunu, a son. 

G. puna. 

D. punu. 

Ac. punu. 

V. eala ]?u punu. 

A. punu, 



PLURAL. 

N. 8una, sons. 

G. puna. 

D. punum. 

Ac. puna* 

V. eala je puna. 

A. punum. 



12 

Many Anglo-Saxon nouns are irregular in 
their mode of declining : thus Faebeji, a father, 
is a monoptot in the singular, but declined in 
the plural as nouns of the first declension : 
so also BpoSoji, a brother, and CDoboji, a 
mother, these make in the cases singular 
BjioSojt and Bpe'Seji ; GQobop and GOebep : 
in the nominative, accusative, and vocative 
plural BjioSojt. makes Bpo^jiu : to these may 
be added For, a Joot ; ClOan, a man ; JE £, 
an egg ; Lealp, a calf ; which in the plural 
make Fet:, CDen, iEjjiu, Lealpjiu. 

Latin proper names are used by the Anglo- 
Saxons, with their own terminations in all 
cases, except the genitive, which must end in 
ep, as Lanrp pe Lapepe ojrpe naman lulnrp. 
Caius Ccesar, whose other name is Julius: 
Latin appellations are also written in* the 
same manner, as, Dy tpelptan bae £e kalen- 
bajium Xujupfcajium. Bede. On the twelfth 
day oj the kalends of August. But to this 
rule one exception occurs in the sacred name, 
Eprpr, Christ, which is never met with under 
the Latin form Ljiif tzxxy . 

For the numerous terminations of Anglo- 
Saxon nouns no certain rules can be assigned, 
a few of them however are here noticed. 

1 . Some end in a, as, Depepa, a reeve ; 
Lempa, a soldier; Oxa, an ov; Nama, a 
name : of these some become English nouns, 
by casting off a, or changing it into e, 

2. Many end in ang, m£, onj, un£, as, 






13 

Bi gan £, worship ; On-bpypbm£ ; instinct ; 
Dotopun £, # complaint. 

3. Some in #, or #e, as CDip#, *mWA ; 
IjephS, <?/g^ ; GOse £#e, pozver. 

4> Several feminines in eppe, ypp e, nej*j*e, 
n yff e 5 asDpinneppe, Trinity; SoSpaeptmyjy e, 
/n/M, $6\ 

5. Others in elf, as, Raebelp , a riddle. 

6. Some in elb, as, Faepelb, a road^ 

7. Masculines in eji, or ejie, denoting the 
employment, whose feminines end in eprpe, 
ljtjie, or yp^pe, as, Saebepe, a sower; 
Saebyptpe, a female sower ; Baecepe, a 
baker ; Baecepcpe, a female baker ; 8yn £epe, 
a singer ; Synjeptrpe, a female singer. 

8. Patronymics end in in£, as, Glepmg, 
Me son of Eliza; Eenpuping, Me son of 
Cenfusus. 

9. Those substantives which denote want, 
privation, or deficiency end in leaptre or 
lepce, as, Beapn-leapte, want of children ; , 
CDefce-leapte, want of meat. 

10. Diminutives in incle, as, Rapincle, a 
small rope ; Scipincle, a little ship. 

1 1 . Many others, of which several are 
diminutives, end in hn£, as, Deophnj, a 
darling ; Lytrhnj, or Lytel-hn £, a little one y 
fyc. This termination is adopted at present, 
as hireling, suckling, nestling. 

12. Some end in pceapt, as pyje-pceapc, 
the soul. 

The following appear more properly to 



14 

come under the head of compounds, than of 
simple substantives. 

1. In bom denoting office, dignity, state, or 
quality, as, Eyn-bom, or Eynnin£-bom, a 
kingdom ; Calboji-bom, earldom ; Fjieo-bom, 
freedom; Deop-bom, servitude. 

2. In jiice also signifying dominion, as, 
Eyn-juce, a kingdom ; Brpeeop-jiice, a 
bishoprick. 

3. In hab, denoting state, condition, or 
quality, as, Eilb-hab, childhood; CDaeben-hab, 
maidenhood ; Eniht>hab, knighthood. 

4. In y ciji, pcijie, fcyji, or y cype, denot- 
ing care, office, business, or occupation, as, 
Brpceop-pcrpe, the province of a bishop, 
diocese ; Tun-fcijie, the office of mayor. 

5. In pcipe, denoting dignity, office, or 
state, as Dpiht-pcipe, lordship ; 6albop- 
y cipe, eldership ; Fjieonb-p cipe, friendship. 

6 In jiaebenne, denoting the state or 
condition of persons and things, as, Erepep- 
jiaebenne, a society; GDae^-jiaebenne, con- 
sanguinity ; JJip-paebenne, a household. 

The participle of the present tense being 
put absolutely and having the final e cut off, 
becomes a substantive, as from Demenbe, 
judging ; comes Demenb, a judge ; from 
Fjieonbe, freeing, Fjaeonb, a friend ; Lu- 
panbe, loving, makes Lupianb, a lover. 



15 



OF ADJECTIVES. 

An adjective expresses the quality of a 
thing. 

Every word to which thing may be added 
is an adjective, thus good, bad, are adjectives, 
because we may say, a good thing, a bad 
thing. 

There are two sorts of adjectives, 1. Sim- 
ple, as, eabij, rich ; aepen, even : and 
2. Compound, as, epen-ece, co-eternal ; trip- 
eabi j, excelling in wealth or power. 

All adjectives are declined after the follow- 
ing example. 



SINGULAR. 

M. F. N. 



PLURAL. 
M. F. Hi 



N. Gobe. 
G. £objia. 
D. jobum. 
Aerobe. 
V. jobe jobari 
A. jo^um. 



N* Gob. jobe. job, good. 
G. jobep. jobpe. Jobep. 
D. Jobum. jobpe. jobum. 
Ac. Jobne. jobe. Job. 
V. joba. jobe. job. 
A. Jobum.jobpe. Jobum. 

The accusative singular masculine of all 
adjectives is formed from the nominative, 
by adding ne : the genitive, dative, and abla- 
tive singular feminine end in jie : the dative 
and ablative singular masculine and neuter, 
and the dative and ablative plural, £nd iii 
urn ; and the genitive in pa. 

Adjectives, participles, and pronouns of 
every kind often add a to their termination, 
or change their final vowel into a, and then 



16 

are declined like substantives of the second 
declension, excepting however their genitives 
plural, which must always end in jia : thus 
from popeppjieeen, comes pojieppjiecena, in 
the following 8e popeppjiecena Eyninj, the 
before named king : From Erobcunbe, comes 
Erobcunba, divine : so also 8e ylca jepiS, the 
same companion : This rule is most used for 
adjectives placed emphatically and demon- 
stratively, as Oppalb pe Ejiipfcenepca 
cyninj, Oszvald the most christian king. 

The following are the terminations of 
Anglo-Saxon adjectives. 

1. Some end in ig, as, Djieopij, sad : 
G0yjii£, joyful: iEnij, any: from this is 
derived the English termination y, in such 
words as dreary, merry, any, fyc. 

2. Others end in p urn, denoting habit or 
disposition, as, Lan£-pum tedious; this ter- 
mination is still retained, as in tiresome, 
wholesome, fyc. 

3. In ol and ul, also denoting habit or 
disposition, as, Fjietfcol, greedy; Diccul, 
fat ; Dinnul, lean. 

4. In bsep. and cyme, denoting fertility ; 
as, UUasptum-baeji, fruitful; paepi^-tyme, 
troublesome, 8$c. 

5. In pull, signifying plenty^ as IDoh-pull, 
having much trouble, fyc. and hence our 
woeful. 

6. In leap, denoting want, as, 8ceam-leap, 
void of shame ; Blob-leap, without blood ; 



17 

Name-leaf, without name \ hence our shame- 
less, nameless, fyc. 

7. Denominatives expressing likeness, in 
he or lice, as, Cob-hc, like a God ; peopon- 
hc, heavenly; GopS-hc, earthy; UUep-hc, 
manly; Eilb-hc, childish; Hence also the 
English, godlike, 8fc. 

8. Denominatives when they relate to sub- 
stances, end in en, thus from JEyc, an ash, 
is formed aefcen, ashen, made of ash; of 
Scaen, a stone, comes j^caenan, stony. 

9. In cunb, denoting the nature of a 
person or thing, as, Erob-cunb, divine, of the 
nature of a God ; U)oplb-cunb, worldly. 

10. In rpc denoting the nation, as, Juberpc, 
a Jewish man ; Romanif c, a Roman by na- 
tion ; Gn^lif c, an English man ; this termi- 
nation is also still retained. 

Adjectives have three degrees of com- 
parison the positive, the comparative, and 
the superlative. 

The positive declares a thing absolutely. 

The comparative is used when one thing 
exceeds another. 

The superlative when a thing exceeds more 
than one. 

Adjectives of the positive degree form 
their comparatives in ap, aep, ep, ejie, iji, op, 
up, and yp : and their superlatives in aft:, 
aepc, eft:, rpc, oyc, uft:, and yp t, as, 

Rihtpipe, just ; Rihfcpipepe, more just ; 
Rihtpipept;, most just : 



18 



To this rule there are however some ex- 
ceptions, as, 

Cob, good; Befcepe, better; Betpc, best. 

Trob,good; Selpe, better; Seloft:, best. 

Ypel, bad; Wyjiy, worse; IDyppepc, 
tUyprc, noorst. 

GDicel, great, much; GOaepe, greater, more; 
CDveyc, greatest, most. 

Lytrel, little; Leyy, less; Lsej**:, least. 

The words tip and £in prefixed to adjec- 
tives increase their signification to the super- 
lative degree, as Fasj*tr, constant ; Tiji-paejt;, 
most constant; CDeahti^, powerful; Irin- 
meahti£, most powerful; Gabij, happy; 
Tip-eabi£, most happy. 

The adjective Faefc affixed to a substan- 
tive changes it into an adjective, and increases 
its signification, as, SoS-paept;, most true; 
lDulbop.-psef t:, most glorious. 



OF PRONOUNS. 



A pronoun is used instead of a noun. 
The pronouns Ic and Du, are declined with 
singular, dual, and plural numbers. 



SING. 


N.Ic,I. 


G. CDin. 


D.OOe. 


Ac.ClOe. 


A.CDe. 



DUAL. 

N. U)it, we two. 

G. Uncep. 

D. Unc,un£e,uncpum 

Ac. XJUitr. 

A* Unc,un£e,uncpum 



PLURAL. 

N. IDe, we. 
G. Upe. 
D. U r . 
Ac. Ur. 
A. Vy. 



19 

For CPe the Dano-Saxons use GDec, mek, 
meh; for IDe; poe, upih; for Up; upic, 
upich, upij, upih. 



SINGULAR. 

N. Du, thou. 
G. )nn. 
D. }>e. 
Ac. J?e, J>ec. 
V. eala J?u. 
A. }>e. 



DUAL. 

N. I/yt:, ye two, 
G. mceji. 
D. inc, incjium. 
Ac. inc. 
V. eala inc. 
A. Inc, incjium 



PLURAL. 

N. Ge, ye. 
G. eopep. 
D. eop. 
Ac. eop. 
V. eala je. 
A. eop. 



For uyt in the dual number incit: (inc 
jyt:) is often used ; for eop ; £eop : The 
Dano-Saxons for eop use Iuch, mh, lph, unch, 
luih, eopic, lopih, £eiop : and for eopejx ; 
ipep, iu eppe, mop. 



SINGULAR. 

M. F. N. 

N. pe. heo. hit, he, she, it. 
G. hip. hijie. hip. 
D. him.hipe. him. 
Ac.hine.hi. hit:. 
A. him. hipe. hit:. 



PLURAL. 
M. r. 
N. pi, they. 
G. hipa. beopa. 
D. him. 
Ac. hi. 
A. him. 



For hi thp accusative feminine singular hi £ 
is often used ; for hi in the nominative and 
accusative plural hi j, heo, and hio ; for hijia 
and heojxa; hiojia, hep, hepej heom for 
him, and sometimes for hi. 



20 



M. 



SINGULAR. 
F. 



N. 



PLURAL. 

M. F. N. 



N. Dap, these. 
G. ]?ippejaa. 
D. }?ipum. 
Ac. Ip'&y. 
A, Jnpum. 



N.Dip. Ipeoy. \\y,this. 
G. ])\yey. Jnppeyie. \\y ep . 
D. jnpum. Juppejie. ]?ipum. 
Ac.Jjijrne. Jmp. Ipxy. 

A, )npum. ]?ippejie. ^lpum.. 

For Jnp in the nominative case, the Anglo- 
Saxons frequently use Saep , Sep, Seop , Sat:, 
or Sagt; ; for Sipep in the genitive Sippep, 
Sepep, Sasp; for Sipum in the dative singular 
Sip, Sipon, Sappum : for Sippejie, in the geni- 
tive and dative feminine Sippe, Saepe, ; for 
Sap in the accusative feminine Saep, Seop : 
for Sippepa in the genitive plural Sippa, 
Sipp. 

The article 8e, peo, Sat:, signifies the same 
as the demonstrative pronoun Sip, Seop, Sat:. 
In the ablative singular feminine, the prepo- 
sition on, is frequently put after the word it 
governs, as, Saepon, for on Saepe, in that* 

De affixed to pronouns of all persons becomes 
a relative, as, Ic Se, / who : Su Se, thou who: 
ye Se, he who. 

De prefixed to he in all cases, signifies 
relatively, as, Se hijia naman, whose names. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

%&. F. N. 

N. Sylpe, them- 
G.yy\yjia[selves 
ID. pylpum. 
Ac. pylpe. 
A. pylpum. 



M. 



F. 



N. 



N. 8ylp. pylpe. pylp, himself. 
G. pylpep. pylppe. pylpep. 
D. pylpum. pylppe. pylpum. 
Ac. pylpne. pylpe. pylp- 
A. pylpum. pylppe. pylpum. 



21 

8ylp or pelp is compounded with other 
pronouns, as Ic pylp, / myself ; Bu pylp, 
thou thyself ; he pylp, he himself: and 
sometimes with nouns, as Petjiup f^F* 
Peter himself. 

The pronoun relative w^o is generally ex- 
pressed by the article pe, yeo, "Sar, as, 
iEneap ye opejippij^be Tujinum. JEneas 
who overcame Turnus. 8e ij% who is. 8e 
paep , who was. 

SINGULAR. 

M. F. N. 

N. ppilc. hpilce. hpilc, who? 

G. hpilcep . hpilcepe, hpilcjie. hpilcep. 

D. hpilcum. hpilcepe, hpilcpie, hpilcum. 

Ac. hpilcne. hpilce. hpilc. 

A. hpilcum. hpilcepie, hpilcjie. hpilcum. 

PLURAL. 

M. F. N. 

N. ppilce. 

G. hpilcepa, hpilcjia. 

D. hpilcum. 

Ac. hpilce. 

A. hpilcum. 
In the same manner is declined ppa hpilc 
ppa, whosoever. And Sylhc or Sylc, such. 
ppa, who? is thus declined. 

M, F. N. 

N. ppa. -hpaet:. 

G. hpaep. 

D. hpam. 

Ac. hpaene, hpone. hpaet:. 

A. hpam. 



m 



In the same manner are declined iE;g-hpa, 
any one; £e-hpa, some one; and alsa 
elle^-hpa, another ; hpaefc-hu£u,, some little. 

Ylc, (when used emphatically ylca) the 
same is thus declined : 



SINGULAR. 
F. 



M 

N. Ylc. ylce. 

G. ylcej\ ylcpe. 

D. ylcum. ylejie, 

Ac.ylcne. ylce. 

A. ylcum. yicjae. 

SINGULAR. 

N. Ylca. 
G. ylcan. 
D. ylcan. 
Ac. ylcan. 
A. ylcan. 



N. 



ylc. 

ylcej*. 

ylcum, 

ylc. 

ylcum. 



PLURAL. 

M. F. N. 

N. Ylce. 
G. ylcpa. 
D. ylcum. 
Ac. ylce. 
A. ylcum. 



PLURAL. 

N. Ylcan. 
G. ylcjia. 
D. ylcan. 
Ac. ylcan. 
A. ylcan. 



After the same form is declined, ye ylca, 
he himself • 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

M. F. N. M. F. N. 

M. JEn\%. aenije. aenij, any! N. JEnrge. 
G. aeni£ej\ seni^pe. aenijej*. G. aeni^jia. 
D. aenijum. senile, aenijum. D. aeni^umu 
Ac. aenijne. senile, aem j. Ac. aenije. 

A, aemjum, aem^jie.aenijum. A. aenijum. 
For asnij is sometimes used seni ; of ne 
and aenij is formed naenij, no one, which is 
declined like aenig. 



23 



SINGULAR. 
M. F. N. 

N. iEnlipi£. aenhpi^e. 

G. aenhpijep. aenhpijpe. 

D. aenlipijum. aenlipryie. 

Ac. aenhpijne. aenhpi je. 

A. aenhpijum. aenhpi£pe. 

PLURAL. 
M. F. 

N. iEnhpije. 
G. eenhpi^pa. 
D. senhpi^um. 
Ac. senhpije. 
A. senhpijum. 

SINGULAR. 
M. F. N> 

N. Sum. pume. pum, some. 
G. y umep. y umpe. pumep. 
D. pmum. pumpe. pumum. 
Ac. pumne. fume. pum. 
A. pumum. pumpe. pumum. 



amhpij, each. 

aenhpi^ep. 

aenhpijum. 

asnhpij. 

aenhpijum. 



N. 



PLURAL. 
M. F. N. 

N 5 Sume. 
G. pumpa. 
D. pumum. 
Ac.pume. 
A. pumum. 



Some one is also expressed indefinitely by 
GOan, as, Dip cynin£ set; mannep ham 
bpincaeS, if the king should drink at some ones 
house. Spelmaris Con. 

Something, some little, and others of the 
same kind are expressed by hpserhugu, 
hpsethpuju, hpeethpe^a, hpsethpiju, setrh- 
peej. 



24 



M. 

N. Kn, sen 
G. anej- . 
D. anum. 
Ac. anne. 
A. anum. 



SINGULAR. 
F. 

ane. 
anpe. 
anjxe. 
ane. 



anjie. 



N. 

an, sen, one. 
anep. 
anum. 
an, aen. 
anum. 



After this form is declined nan or noan, 
none ; and ana, the only one. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

M. F. N. M, F. K. 

N. 5? Jen. ajene. ajen,o^w. N. 3*gene. 
G. a^enej* . a^enjie. ajenef . G. a^enjia 
D. ajenum. a^enjie. ajenum. D. ajenum. 
Ac. ajenne. agene. a£en. Ac. ajene. 
A. ajenum. a^enjie. a^enum. A. ajenum. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

M. F N. M. F. N. 

N. Gal. ealle. eal, all \tht 'whole N. ealle. 
G. eallej\ ealjie. eallef . G. ealjia. 

D. eallum. ealjie, eallum. D. eallum. 

Ac. ealne. ealle. eal. Ac. ealle. 

A. eallum. ealjie. eallum. A. eallum. 

Gal, eall, eell, or all, in composition signi- 
fies excellence, perfection, or plenitude, as, 
aellmihtrij, almighty. 



M. 



SINGULAR. 
F. 



N. 



N. iElc. aelce. eelc, each,all N. iElce. 



PLURAL. 
M. F. N« 



G. aelcej\ aelcjie. aelcej\ 

D, aelcum. aelcjie aelcum. 

Ac. aelciiQ. aelce. aelc. 

A. aelcum. aelcjie. aelcum. 



G. aelcjia. 
D. aelcum. 
Ac. aelce. 
A, aelcum. 



25 



The possessive pronouns are declined in 
the following manner. 

SINGULAR, 

M« F. X. 

X, QDin. mine. mm, mine. 

G. minep minpe, mmej*. 

D. minum. minpe. milium, 

Ac. mmne. mine. mm. 

V. mm. mine. mm. 

A. minum. minpe, minum. 

PLURAL. 
M. F. X. 

X. GQine, mine* 

G. mmpa. 
D. minum. 
Ac. mine. 
V. mine. 
A. minum. 
singular. 

M. F. X. 

X. Uncep. uncepe. uncep, of us tzco. 

G. uncejief. unceppef. uncepep. 

D. uncepum, unceppe. uncepum. 

Ac. uncepne. uncepe. uncep, 

V. uncep. uncepe. uncep. 

A. uncepum. unceppe. uncepur 
plural. 

M. F. X. 

N. Uncpe, of us tzco. 

G. unceppa. 

D. uncepum. 

Ac.uncpe. 

V. uncpe. 

A. uncepum. 



am. 



26 

Uncpep and uncjxum are generally used 
for uncepep and uncepum. 



M. 

N. Ujxe. 
G* upep . 
D. upum. 
Ac. ujine. 
V. upe. 
A, upum. 



SINGULAR 
F. 

ujie. 

uppe. 

uppe. 

upe. 

upe. 

uppe. 



N. 

upe, our 

upep. 

upum. 

upe. 

upe. 

upum. 



PLURAL. 

M. F. N. 

N, Upe, own 
G. uppa. 
D. upum. 
Ac. upe. 
V. upe. 
A. upum. 



Upeji and uppep are used for upe ; uppep 
for upep 3 uppum for upum ; and uppe for upne. 



M. 

N. Din. 
G. #inep. 
D. 'Sinum. 
Ac. 'Sinne. 
V. «inv 
A. 'Sinum. 



M. 



SINGULAR. 
F, 

■Sine. 

*$inpe« 

$mpe. 

"Sine. 

•Sine. 

•Smpe. 



N. 

"Sin, thine. 

■Smep. 

•Sinum. 

8m. 
■Sinum. 



PLURAL. 

F. N. 

N, Dine, thine* 
G. #mpa. 
D. 'Sinum. 
Ac. "Sine. 
V. Sine. 
A. "Sinum. 



27 







SINGULAR. 




M. 


F. N. 


N. 


Incep. 


mcepe, incep, of you two. 


G. 


1 cepep. 


inceppep. incepep. 


D. 


incepum. 


inceppe. mcepum. 


Ac 


. mcepne. 


incepe. incep. 


V. 


incep. 


incepe. incep. 


A. 


incepum. 


mceppe. incepum. 

PLURAL, 



M. 



N. 



M. 

N, Gopep. 
G. eopepep. 
D. eopepum. 
Ac. eopepne. 
V. eopep. 
A. eopepum. 

M. 



F. N 

N. Incpe, of you two, 
G. inceppa. 
D. incepum. 
Ac. incjie. 
V. mcpe. 
A. incepum 
singular. 



N. 



eopepe. 


eopep, your 


eopeppe. 


eopepep. 


eopeppe. 


eopepum. 


eopepe. 


eopep. 


eopepe* 


eopep. 


eopeppe. 


eopepum. 


PLURAL. 





M. F. N. 

N. Gopepe, or eoppe, your, 

G. eopeppa. 

D. eopepum, or eoppum. 

Ac. eopepe. 

V. eopepe. 

A. eopepum, or eoppum. 



28 

The primitive pronoun pe has no decli- 
nable possessive, and therefore the possessive 
is represented by the genitives of the primi- 
tive in all genders and both numbers hip 
hipa, hijie, heojxa, which also are used as 
reciprocals ; yet the reciprocal is sometimes 
expressed by pn, pne, pn, his, hers, &;c. 
as in the following example, Bjiejo en^la 
bepeah ea£um pnum, the chief of the angels 
beheld with his own eyes. Ccedm. 23. 



29 
NOUNS OT NUMBER. 

Cardinals from three to a hundred are undeclined. 
CARDINALS. 

1. An, ane, an. 

2. Tpe^en, trpa, fcpejen. 

3. Dpy, J?jieo, #jiy. 

4. Feopep. 

5. Fip. 

6. Six. 

7. Seopon. 

8. Gahta. 

9. Ni£on. 

10. Tyn. 

11. Gnblupan, aenblepan. 

12. Tpelp. 

13. Dpeotyne. 

14. Feopejityne. 

15. Fiptyne. 

16. Sixfcyne. 
17- Sepontyne. 

18. Gahtratyne. 

19. Nijontyne. 

20. Tpentnj. 

21. Sn ^ t^pentrrg. 
30. Djuttij. 

40. Feopejinj. 
50. Fipti^. 
60. Sixtrij. 
70. punbpeopbnfcij. 
80. punbeahtatn^. 
90. punbnijontij. 
100. punbteontrij. 

D 



30 



ORDINALS. 



8e pojxma, the first. 

Se o]?eji, the second. 

Se fyiibba, the third. 

Se peojijm, the fourth. 

8e pipra, the fifth. 

8e pixta, /Ad m>M. 

8e peopo)?a, the seventh. 

Se eahreo]?a, the eighth. 

8e nijojm, Me ninth. 

Se fceojm, Me tenth. 

Se enbluptra, Me eleventh. 

Se t:peFpt:a, Me twelfth. 

Se Jrpeotrejm, Me thirteenth. 

Se peopept;eo]ra, Me fourteenth. 

Se pipt:eo)?a, the fifteenth. 

Se pixt:eo]m, Me sixteenth. 

Se peopont:eo}?a, the seventeenth* 

Se eaht:at:eojm, Me eighteenth. 

Se mjonreo^a, Me nineteenth. 

Se t:pent:eo£o}?a, Me twentieth. 

3*n *] t;pent;eo£o)?a, Me 0/ze tfwJ twentieth. 

Se fyjxitti'gpfa, the thirtieth. 

Se peopepreo £o)?a, the fortieth. 

Se pipt:eo£o)?a, the fiftieth. 

Se pixt;eojo}>a, Me sixtieth. 

Se hunbpeopont;i£oj?a, Me seventieth. 

Se hunbeaht:at:ijo^a, Me eightieth. 

Se hunbmjonteojojm, Me ninetieth. 

Se hunbteonreo^o^a, the hundredth. 



31 

The reason why J?unb is prefixed to all 
numbers from seventy to a hundred, has 
never been satisfactorily ascertained, the 
most probable one is this : In the Maeso- 
Gothic, (from whence the Anglo-Saxon 
derives many of its words) ^^klknR-I^lhllW^ 
ten times ten, denoted the number 100 ; the 
length of this term however rendering it 
inconvenient for the purposes of conversation, 
the former part was rejected in discourse, 
though still retained in writing. Negligence 
of transcribers might easily remove the 
hyphen, so as to make the last syllable, 
JaliltfcV appear an affix to the former 
syllables ; repeated transcriptions would 
again alter the situation of this affix, so as 
to make it at last a prefix to the succeeding 
word, under which form it has been adopted 
by the Anglo-Saxons, though evidently 
redundant. 

Ba, bejen, batpa, bufcu, butpu, both ; is 
thus declined, 

N. Ba, be^en, barpa, butpu, both. 

G. Bejpa. 

D. Bam. 

Ac. as the nominative. 

A. Bam* 
To these may be added !S!npealb, single; 
Tpypealb, two-fold ; Djiypealb, three-fold, 
8$c. expressions still retained in our tongue. 

The Anglo-Saxons frequently prefix or 
affix to nouns of number the numeral healpe, 



32 

half ; which instead of adding to the number 
joined with it, signifies that <the half of unity 
is to be taken from that number ; thus jrjieo 
healp, does not signify that half is to be 
added to three, but that half of unity is to 
be taken from it; the meaning therefore of 
Jrpeo healp, is not three and a half } but two 
and a half; in the same manner people 
healpe, is not Jour and a half, but three and a 
half. 

pu micel, how great; Spa micel, so 
great; hu pela, how many; Spa pela, so 
many. 



OF VERBS. 

A verb is the chief word in every sentence, 
and expresses the action or being of a 
thing. 

Verbs have two voices : 

1. The active, as Ic lupine, I love. 

2. The passive, as Ic eom £elupob, / am 
loved. 

Conjugation is the change of a verb in its 
moods, tenses, numbers, and persons. 

A mood is the change of a verb to signify 
the various intentions of the mind. 

Verbs have six moods ; the indicative ; 
the imperative ; the optative ; the potential ; 
the subjunctive, and the infinitive. 



33 

The indicative asserts, as Ic lupine, / 
love. 

The imperative commands, as lupa jw, 
love thou. 

The optative desires, as eala £ip ic 
nu lupine, / wish I may love ; or Oh that 
I may love. 

The potential declares a power or ability ; 
as Ic mae £ lupian, / may or can love. 

The subjunctive has always a conjunction 
or some indefinite word going before it in 
the same sentence, as )xnme ic nu lupine, 
when I love ; or, when 1 may love. 

The infinitive is used as a substantive, 
and known also by the sign to, as lupian, to 
love. 

There are three tenses or times, the pre- 
sent, the imperfect and the future. 

The present denotes an action now doing, 
as Ic lupije, / love ; or, am loving. 

The imperfect, which also is used as the 
preter perfect, and preter pluperfect, ex- 
presses an action whether it be done in part, 
and not completed ; lately done j or done 
some time back, as Ic lupobe, / was loving > 
I loved ; or, / had loved. 

The future denotes an action that is to be 
hereafter, as Ic pille lupian, I will love. 

Verbs have two numbers singular and 
plural ; and three persons in each number. 

The first singular, I ; the second, thou; 
the third, he> she, it > and all singular nouns. 



34 

The first plural, we ; the second, ye ; the 
third, they ; and all plural nouns. 

Gerunds and supines have the nature of 
substantives. 

Instead of gerunds and supines the Anglo- 
Saxon verbs have what is called a derivative 
infinitive, which also sometimes assumes the 
nature of a future participle, as To lupenne, 
or, To lupi^enne, of loving ; in loving; to 
love ; about to love ; to be loved. 

Participles have tenses like verbs, and 
number, gender, and case like adjectives. 

Each voice has a participle of the present 
tense, as, 

Active. Lupianbe, or, lupijenbe, loving. 

Passive. Lupob, or, jelupob, loved. 

The passive has also one of the future, as, 
To lupijenne, to be loved. 

Before other verbs are declined it will be 
necessary to learn the verb substantive. 
Beon, to be. 
Indicative mood. — Present tense. 



SINGULAR 

Gom, I am. 
eajvc, thou art. 
eayit:, yp, he is 



PLURAL. 

8ynb, we are. 
pynb, ye are. 
pynb, they are. 



Gam, and am are often used for eom ; 
pynr, p ynbon, and pyn, for pynb. 
Preter imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses, 

SINGULAR. 

IDeep, I ivas, have, or, had been. 
psejve, thou wast, hast, or, hadst been. 
pap, he was, hath, or, had been. 



35 



PLURAL. 

UUaepon, we were, have, or, had been. 
psepon, ye were, fyc. 
paepon, Mej/ zvere, fyc. 
UUsepum is frequently used for paepon; 
peapS, pupbe, and pupbon, (from the verb 
popjmn or peop)?an) are also used for pap 
and paepon. 

Future tense. 

SINGULAR. 

Beo, / shall or will be. 

bypr, thou shall or wilt be. 

byS and pyp'S, he shall or will be. 

PLURAL, 

BeoS, we shall or xvill be. 
beo$, ye shall or will be. 
beo$, they shall or rpi$ be. 
Sometimes the future tense is expressed by 
pceal, and the infinitive beon, as Ic pceal 
beon, / shall be. 

Imperative mood. — Present tense. 
singular. 

*> 81 }?u, or, pi£ )m, be thou. 
pi he, let him be. 

plural. 
Beon pe, let us be. 
beon £e, be ye. 
beon hi, let them be. 
Beo $u, and yey $11, are sometimes put 
for pi ]?u, as also byS he, for pi he in the 
singular : in the plural for beon in all persons 



36 

are used beo, beoS, pin, pen, yeye, papaj? ; 
also pepa]? £e, for beon £e. 

Optative, potential and subjunctive moods. 
Present tense. 

SINGULAR. 

Beo, I may be, &;c. 
hyyc, thou mayest be, fyc. 
by$, or, pyp"3e, he may be, §fc. 

PLURAL. 

Beo$, we may be, 8$c. 
beoS, ye may be, fyc. 
beo$ and peopjmn, they may be y fyc* 
Instead of by$ and beoft, are often used 
beo, pynb, and beon : for beo and bypt; ; py. 

Imperfect, perfect and pluperfect tenses* 

SINGULAR, 

UJaepe, / might be, tyc. 
paepe, thou mightest be* 
paepe, he might be. 

PLURAL^ 

IDaepon, we might be, fyc. 

paepon, ye might be. 

paepon, they might be. 
In the optative mood eala £ip, / wish ; is 
prefixed to each person, in both numbers of 
each tense, as eala £ip ic beo, I wish I may 
be; and in the subjunctive mood, J?onne x 
when ; is in like manner prefixed to all per- 
sons in each number and tense, as Jxnine ic 
beo, when I may be. 



37 

Infinitive mood. — Present tense. 

B<eon or pepan, to be. 
Gerund, or derivative infinitive. 
To beonne, of being ; in being ; to be* 

U3eop#an or pypSan, to be made, or to 
become. 

Indicative mood. — Present tense. 
UUeopSe, / am made, &;c. 
peopSep t, thou art made. 
people]?, he is made. 

PLURAL. 

IDeopSaj?, ux are made. 
peopSa)?, ye are made. 
peopSaj?, they are made. 
The singular number is often written 
1. lDup]?e, pypj?e, pupbe. 2. pup)?ept;, 
pypbept:. 3. people, pup]?e, pyp]?e. The 
plural I, 2, & 3, people}?, peopbon, peapbon, 
pupj?aj?. 
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. 

SINGULAR. 

IDeapJ?, / have been made, 8$c. 
peap}>ept;, thou hast, 5fC. 
peapj?, he has, 8$c. 

PLURAL. 

UJeopbon, we have been made, 8$c. 

peopbon, ye have been, 8$c. 

peopbon, they have been, fyc. 
IDeopban, peopben, peopbon, are used 
for peopbon. In this verb the future tense 
is the same as the present. 



38 
Imperative mood. — Present tense. 

SINGULAR. 

IDeoptJm Jni, be thou made, fyc. 
peoyi^e he, let him be made. 

PLURAL. 

IDeop^on pe, let us be made, 8$c. 
people £e, be ye, 8$c. 
people hi, let them 9 8$c. 

Infinitive mood. — Present tense. 
IDeojiJran, or pyjijran, to be made, to become* 

Gerund, or derivative infinitive. 
To peoji'San, or pyjvSan, of being made, in 
being made, to be made, 5fc. 

Participle. 
UUopben, made, become. 

REGULAR VERBS. 

Verbs active are declined after the follow- 
ing example : 

The regular active verb lupian, to love. 

Indicative mood. — Present tense. 

SINGULAR. 

Ic lupine, I love. 

#11 lupapt:, eye, ptr, thou lovest. 

he lupaj), e\, \, he loves. 

PLURAL. 

U)e lupiaS, we love. , 
£e lupiaS, ye love. 
hi lupiaS; they love. 






39 

When the infinitive mood ends in an 
pure, the persons of the plural end la^ : but 
if it end in eon, then the plurals will end in 
eo$ : when a consonant precedes an, the 
plurals end in a# : £ before an, in the for- 
mation of the tenses becomes h, as paehj?, 
from paegan. 

Note. A syllable is called pure, when a 
vowel or diphthong immediately precedes it. 

The present tense is sometimes formed by 
the auxiliary verb eom, and the participle of 
the present tense, as Ic eom lupienb, 1 am 
loving. 

Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. 

SINGULAR. 

Ic lupobe, / did love, loved, had loved. 
\u lupobept:, thou didst love, fyc. 
he lupobe, he did love, loved fyc. 

PLURAL. 

We lupobon, we did love, fyc. 

£e lupobon, ye did love, 8$c. 

hi lupobon, they did love, 8gc. 
The perfect is sometimes formed by the 
auxiliary verb haebbe, and the participle of 
the past tense, as Ic haebbe lupob, / have 
loved ; J?u haebbepr lupob, thou hast loved; 
he haebbaj) lupob, he hath loved ; pe heebbaj? 
lupobe, we have loved, 8$c. 

The pluperfect is also formed by haepob, 
and the participle in a similar manner, as 
Ic haepob lupob, 1 had loved. 



40 

The future tense is the same as th e pre- 
sent, though sometimes the regular form is 
changed for that of the auxiliary verb pceal 
or pille, and the infinitive mood, as Ic y ceal 
or pille lupian, / shall or will love, fyc. 

Imperative mood. 



SINGULAR. 

Lupa }m, love thou 
lupi £e he, let him love 



PLURAL. 

Lupion pe, let us love. 
lupige £e, love ye. 
lupion hi, let them love. 
Lupia]? ge, is frequently used for lupine 



Optative mood. — Present tense. 

SINGULAR. 

flc nu luprje^ ^ (I may love. 
Gala £ip^ )>u nu lupine > ^S < thoumayestlove. 
(.he nu lupije ) O [he may love. 

PLURAL. 

{pe nu lupion, an ^ ^ (we may love. 
jenu lupion, an >*S \ye may love. 
hi nu lupion, an) © [they may love 
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. 

SINGULAR. 

K; Tic nu lupobe ^ •§ r I might love. 
a?) \n nu lupobept > IS < Thou mightest love. 
"g (he nu lupobe ) © the might love. 

PLURAL. 

Grille nu lupobon^ ^ rwe might love. 
^V £e nu lupobon >^S <ye might love. 
g thi nu lupobon J © i-they might love. 



41 



Future tense. 
singular. 
% r Ic lupine £yt »^ J shall have loved. 
^t < J 1 " lupije jyt: > ^ < //w« sA^/fr Acre /om/. 
"jj ( he lupine £yt ) O the shall have loved. 



PLURAL. 



% r UUe lupion jyt: ^ *§ r we shall have loved. 
^} je lupion £yc >t: < ye shall have lerzd. 
*g (in lupion jyt: JO t they shall have loved. 

The subjunctive mood is formed in all 
tenses as the optative, only changing, eala 
£ip or ]?atinto j?onne, as Jxmne ic nu lupine; 
])onne ic lupobe ; ]xmne ic lupine jyt:, &c. 

The potential mood is declined by adding 
the infinitive of the verb, to the auxiliaries 
maej, mot:, for the present, and to miht:, 
polb, and pceolb, for the imperfect. 
Present tense. 

SINGULAR. 

Ic maej, or mot: lupian, / may love. 

\u maejepr, or moreyt:\upm-\,thoumayestlove. 

he maej, or mot: lupian, he may love. 

PLURAL. 

U3e majon, or inocon lupian, we may love. 
je ma^on, or mot:on lupian, ye may love. 
hi majon, or moton lupian, they may love. 

Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. 

SINGULAR. 

Ic mihe, polb, nolb, ^ pceolb lupian, I might , fyc. 
\\x nnhrepT, &c. lupian, thou mightest, fyc. 
he miht:, &c. lupian, he might, 8$c. 



42 

PLURAL. 

iJUemihfcon, &c. lupian, we might, fyc. 
£e mihto'n, &c. lupian, ye might, 8$c. 
hi mihfcon, &c. lupian, they might, 8$c. 

The future tense is formed by adding £yt 
to the present tense, as Ic maej £yt lupian, 
I may love hereafter. 

Though this method of forming the poten- 
tial be the most used, yet sometimes the verb 
has its tenses in this mood, without the aid 
of auxiliaries, as in the following, Dse<c ic 
cume, That I may come. — St. Matthew. 
Baer $u oncnape, That thou mayest know. — 
St. Luke. 

Infinitive mood. 

Lupian, or lupi^ean, to love. 

Gerund, or derivative infinitive. 

To lupienne, or t:o lupijenne, Of loving ; 

in loving; to love; about to love; to be 

loved. 

Participle of the present tense. 
Lupianbe, or lupijenbe, loving. 
The final e being taken from this word, 
makes it a substantive. Joined with the 
auxiliary verb beon, it becomes the present 
tense, as Ic eom lupianbe, 1 am loving. It 
also is sometimes used for the future partici- 
ple of both voices, as well as a gerund. 

The perfect tense infinitive, is formed by 
the conjunction \&c, and the perfect indica- 
tive, as, Ic pipt: J?a£ J?u lupobeft Dob, / 
know that thou lovedst God. 



43 

The participle future is formed by the 
infinitive of the verb and pceal, pille, or the 
verbs of motion, papan and jan, as Ic y ceal 
lupian, / am about to love ; Ic pape hunrian, 
I am going to hunt. 

The initial augments, or inseparable pre- 
positions a, be, pop, je, ro, &c. are pre- 
fixed to verbs, verbal adjectives, and participles, 
and frequently words are to be found when 
compounded with these augments, which are 
not to be met with in a simple form. The 
augments a, be, are sometimes, but not often 
prefixed to participles of the preter-perfect 
tense. 

Angjo-Saxon verbs are declined in the 
passive voice by the auxiliary verb beon, and 
the participle of the present tense, as in the 
following examples. 

Indicative mood. — Present tense. 

Ic eom jelupob, 1 am loved. 

Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. 

Ic paep jelupob, 1 was loved. 

Future tense. 

Ic beo, or pceal beon jelupob, I shall be loved. 

Imperative mood. 

8i \y\ jelupob, be thou loved. 

Optative mood. — Present tense. 

Bala jip ic eom jelupob, O that I may 

be loved. 

Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. 
Gala jip ic paejie jelupob, O that I might 
be loved. 



44 

Future tense. 
Gala £ip ic beo £elupob, O that I shall be 
loved. 

Subjunctive mood. — Present tense. 
£onne ic nu eom gelupob, when I am 
loved 
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. 
£onne, or ]?a J^a ic paep jelupob, when 1 
was loved. 

Future tense. 
£onne ic beo gelupob, when I shall be 
loved. 

Potential mood. — Present tense. 
Ic mae £ beon gelupob, may be loved. 

Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tenses. 
Ic miht:, &c. beon £elupob, 1 might, SfC. 
be loved. 

Future tense. 
Ic maeg gys beon jelupob, J shall have 
been loved. 

Infinitive mood. — Present tense. 

Beon £elupob, to be loved. 

Future tense. 

Beon ^elupob gyt. shall be loved. 

Participles. — Present tense. 

Celupob, loved. 

Future tense. 

To lupigenne, to be loved. 

Note. The augment £e is prefixed in 
general to the participle, to distinguish it 
from the perfect active. 



45 



rg^a^S § s =1 3^ N si 






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47 




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to seize, 
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to rememba 
to pour out. 




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48 

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49 




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51 



ADVERBS. 



An adverb is joined to a verb or other 
word to explain or qualify its signification. 



ADVERBS OF TIME. 



3*. aa ; always. • 
aebpie, immediately. 
aepjae, ever. 
aeptreji, after. 
aeja, ere, before. 
ahpenne, when. 
©celice, continually 

3"| a '} suddenly \ 



Geapa, yore, of old jnu, now 



Laept:, last. 

lanje, long. 

latre, late. 

lenje, longer. 

GOicelum, much. 

Naepjie, never. 

nextra, ) 

* V next. 
nyiipt;a ? ) 

jnipan, lately. 



5 e f7Jin, formerly. 
jeiome, often. 
Jena, as yet. 
Jeo, ago, formerly. 



nu-gena, even now. 
Opt:, often. 
Selbon, seldom. 
pemmn^a, suddenly. 



gee. £yqy ust now, asyetym^a.\hce, always* 



ppaebihje,) 

hjuebhee, i S00n ' 

hjia]?e, soon. 

hpa3nne ? when. 

hpile, whilst. 

hpilon, whilom. 

Inptraepe, immediately- £>a]?a, Mot, EMe;z. 

iu, formerly. iScihpiie, meanwhile. 

iu-£ejia, foffg Jwa 1 . i$enben, ivhilst. 



jpnub, directly. 
ipona, <sotf72. 
!j"pif»e, much. 

V. i ' [always. 
Ipymle, ) . ^ 

Da, Mew. 



52 



OF WISHING. 

Gala, oh. |eala £ip, oh that. 

OF OfeDER. 



iEr-nextan, at length 
anb Jehu ellep, ##d 

anb ppa popj), am/ so 
[forth. 
Behmban, behind. 
Gpr, again. 
Fop®, afterwards. 
£pyppt:um, iw ^r;?. 

OF LIK 

Gacppilce, tffo'Ae 
Samob, in the same 
[manner. 
pameylca ppa, in like 
[way. 
ppa, so. 



hynban, behind. 
Op J?am, after that. 
on baec, backwards. 
0$ J?ip, /Ajys /<?r. 
8i]?}mn, afterwards. 
Daep-aspfcep, 0/iter- 

Saep juht, immediately 
Upop, ot?e?\ 

ENESS. 

ppajelice, in fAg $*wwe 

ppilce, &s 2/". 
Dup, J^itf. 



OF PLACE. 

!£bun, abune, down- Gllephpibep, else- 

[wards. [where. 

ae^hpanon, eachway. ellop, elsewhere. 
ae^hpibep, every where fojian, before. 
Be^eonban, beyond, popneah, near 



beheonon, on this side 

e\ .op, y beneath. 
beneopan, ) 
bmnan, within. 



Irehenb, near. 
^ehpaepe, every where 
paep, here. 
heonon, from hence. 



53 



hibepi, hither. 
hpaep, where. 
hpanon, from whence 
hpibeji, whither. 
Innan, within. 
Neojmn, downwards, 
[below. 
nohpaep, no where. 
noji)?an, northern. 
nyj?epi, downwards. 
Onpej, away. 
8u)?an, southern. 



ppahpaepppa, whereso- 

[ever. 

Tohpaep, every where. 
8anon, thence. 
Saep, there. 
•Sibep, thither. 
Upan, above. 
upp, up. 
utran, out. 
IDiJmpan, above* 
pij?u<can, without. 
pi£y)?an, beneath. 



OF AFFIRMATION 

iEnin^a, altogether. 
Buton rpeon, doubt- 
less. 
Gejnun^a, surely. 
^epiphce, et;e?z $0. 



£ype, jw. 

ppaec J?onne, «ft> £rw/y. 

la, yea. 

SoShce, £n//j/. 

IDmobhce, indeed. 



OF QUALITY AND COMPARISON. 



Bet;, better 
6allep, entirely. 
eallep tro ppiSe, im- 
moderately. 
eallep to jelanje, too 

eallep to psept:, /cw 

eallum gemettum, in 
\every way. 
eallunje, altogether, [micclum, much 

F 



Faepimja, suddenly. 
Irenoh, enough. 
jeapa, well 
heapmaelum, in heaps. 
hjiaSoji, the more, ra- 
[ther. 
hpsebhce, quickly. 
Lyt;ept:ne 3 almost. 
CDa, more. 
ma J?onne, more than. 



54 



mib ealle, altogether. 
Recene, quickly. 
SpiSe, much. 
fpiSop, more. 
De ma )?e, more than. 



Seaple, greatly. 
t:o)?an, so much. 
IDel, z^e//. 
pypp e, worse. 
Ypel, ZW/j/. 



iVbite. Adverbs of quality are frequently 
compared, as, y notophce, prudently ; y no- 
fcophcop, ^oz 1 ^ prudently ; pnotroplicopc, 
wo^ prudently. 

OF SHEWING AND POINTING OUT. 

eeelenje,)^^ Iheonu, lo. 
epne, ) Nu hep, lo here. 

J>sep rp, Aere is. 'Dej* if, Mis fr. 

OF ENCOURAGING AND WARNING. 

Utran, utron, come. |UUapna]?ar, beware lest. 

OF EXCEPTING AND DOUBTING. 



iElcop, else , otherwise 
Bufcan, except. 
but;on, without. 
Olep , else. 
Fopan, only. 
Nalep, unless. 
nemne, except. 
noht \on laep, never- 
theless 

OF DENYING. 

Na, ne, no. 
naepppe, never. 
naep , nepe, ;zo. 
nellef , natep, no. 
natrephpon, by no 
[tneans. 



nym$e pen fddyie, un- 
less, perhaps. 
nymSe, unless. 
Dy laep, lest. 
Tpimjenbhce, per- 

[haps. 

UUalb, pen,penunje,% 

[chance. 



j 



no. 



ne ne, 
no, 

nocfrc, nohfc, 

nohpae^ep, no where* 

On nan pipum, in no 

[wise. 



55 



Note. Ne, by cutting off the e, is often 
made to coalesce with the following noun, or 
verb, and form with them one word, thus, 
ne aenijum are contracted into nseni^um. 
Ne pille are also contracted into mile. 



OF COLLECTING. 



iErjsebepe, together. Samob, together. 
peap-maelum, in heaps 

OF REMITTING, RELAXING, &C 



iEnep pana, one less 
Fae^epe, gradually. 
ppaer-hpeja, ) by littley 
hpaec-hpuju, $8$ little 
hpon, a little. 
hpon-hcop, somewhat 
[less 



Lyfclum, by degrees. 
8opt:e, gently. 
ticce-mselum \gra- 
pt:unb-m8elum j dually 
UUona, pana, less. 



OF ASKING. 



Lpypt: }?u, 1 what say 
Epypcula, j you? hozv? 
Fophpy, pophpyj, for 
[why f 
pophpon, wherefore. 



pumera, howP 
hpy, why? 

La hu opt, how often? 
To hpan, how long? 
co hpy, Jor why ? 



OF NUMBER. 



iEne, once. 
Tuua, txvice. 



Spipa, thrice. 



56 

CONJUNCTIONS. 

A conjunction joins sentences and words 
together. 

Copulative. 
?Cnb, and ; eac, also ; epfc:, again. 

Disjunctive. 
?Cc, but ; se£j?ep 5 either ; a]?oji oSSe, one 
of the two ; hpae)? eji, whether ; nana, wor ; 
ne, not ; nehpae^ep, neither ; pam, whe- 
ther. 

Conditional. 
dp, if. 

Diminutive, 
pupu, hujiu \va £a, hpae ga, dtf /e&s/. 

Completive. 
3frib, £&/ ; hpaet; ]m, ye£ ; p o$hce ; but ; 
p pilce, m &j wzwcA ^ ; ppilce eac, moreover ; 
ufcon nu, besides ; pitoblice, but. 

Adversative. 
Fup#on, also ; hpseSepe, yet ; nalep— ac, 
not only — but; #eah, though; "Seah )?e, 
although ; #eah hpeej?ejie, notwithstanding ; 
$e lep, lest. 

Illative. 
Gopnopfclice, therejore; pojvSam, since; 
■Seep, because; #y, wherefore; pit;obhce, 
there/ore* 



57 



PREPOSITIONS. 

A preposition is placed before a substan- 
tive, which it governs and connects with a 
sentence, or else is joined in composition with 
another word. 

Some prepositions are used only in com- 
position, and therefore are called inseparable 
prepositions. 

The prepositions following govern an accu- 
sative case. 



TCbufcan, about 
ajean, a£en, against. 
anblan, &i\b\ov\^, along 
Bejeonb, be^eonban, 
\J)eyo)id. 
Gmb, embutan, about. 
eonb, beyond. 



Te^, ean, ]^^ W - 
■Sujah, through. 
IDi'Spojian, before. 
piSaeptan, after. 
piSjeonban, about. 
piSuran, without. 



The following govern an ablative case. 



iEptrep, after 
aep, before. 
eet:, at, by, from. 
aetrpojian, before. 
aman £, among. 
Be-aeptan, behind 
be, bi, bi£, by, for, ac- 
[cording to. 
beheonan, on this side. 
binnan, within. 
bupan, above. 
¥o]i, for. 
ppa, ppam, from, by. 



Efehenb, near 
Into, into. 
GOib, with. 
Neah, near. 
Op, of, from, out of. 
on-uppan, on high. 
Til, t:o, to. 
tropopan, before. 
txnmbbep between. 
t:opeajib, towards. 
Up, above. 
unpeojr, near. 



5g 

The following prepositions govern both 
'cases. 

Bepopan, before. 

butran, bufcon, except '; beyond, without. 

hetpeox, betpux, betrpix, betpih, between. 

Fop, for, on account of. 

Eremanj, amongst. 

Innan, into, in. 

Opep, over, beyond. 

on, to, amongst, in. 

oS, to, as jar as. 

To jean ep, against. 

Uppan, upon, above. 

unbeji, under. 

ut:an, about, without. 

IDiS, with. 

Several of the above prepositions frequently 
occur in composition as well as alone ; the 
following are inseparables, and seldom used 
out of composition. 

!Xnb, as, anb-bibian, to wait for ; anb- 
pen^an, to assume; anb-lonj, at length; 
anb-ppupnan, to offend; anb-pfcanban, to 
resist ; anb-ppapian, to answer. 

©b, as, eb-cennin£, regener at ion ; eb-cepp, 
return ; eb-nipian, to renew ; 

Cpen, as, epen-ealb, co-eval ; epen-lnscan, 
to compare ; epen-bhppian, to congratulate ; 
epen-$paepe, concordant. 

Gpc, as, epr-ajypan, to give back; to 
restore ; epc-anipan, to renew. 



59 

6m, as em-bon, to surround, to encompass; 
em-leop, equally dear. 

Fojie, as pope-beon ; to be before j pope- 
van^an, to precede ; pope-jepettran, to set 
before, to prejix: 

GQip, as mip-hcian, to displease ; mip-baeb, 
a misdeed, a crime. GOip-hypan, to disobey ; 
mip-£iman, to neglect. 

Op, as op-blaebe, without blood; on- 
jepopben, uncreated ; op-pyre, with impu- 
nity ; op-maeptre, immeasurable, immense. 

Un, as un-boht:, unbought ; un-clean, 
unclean ; un- jipian, to put off. Un-cu#, 
unknown, uncouth ; un-paejpe, deformed. 

UJiSep, as pi'Sep-pecjan, to gainsay, to 
contradict ; pi#ep-pacan, to oppose. 

Note. Anglo-Saxon prepositions, when 
set alone, become adverbs, as Ic ptranbe 
on ]?ap healp, ^ \u on jean, / stand on this 
side, and thou on the opposite. They are 
also often put after the nouns they govern, 
as 8e anjel hype ppam jepat:, The angel 
departed Jrom her. Luke 1. 58. 



60 



INTERJECTIONS. 

An interjection is an exclamation, ex- 
pressing a sudden emotion, or passion of the 
mind. 

OF GRIEF. 

Cop, alas ! eop me, ah me ! pa lp me, 
woe is me ! pa la pa, well away. 

OF JOY. 

UUel, pel la, pel me, oh well! well done. 

OF DISGUST. 

On ft&fa ! away ! pala pe, out on it. 

OF GALLING. 

Gala J?u, hyppt; ]?u, oh ! hist ! holloa. 

OF WISHING. 

Gala £ip, O that! pa la, 1 xvish. 

OF PRAISE* AND ENCOURAGEMENT. 

Do, come, come ! utron, well done ! pella 
pel, very well. 

OF ADMIRATION. 

Gala hu, oh how. 



61 



SYNTAX. 



Syntax is the proper construction of words 
in a sentence. 

A simple sentence consists of a nominative, 
a verb, and the case of a verb. 

There are two parts of syntax : concord, 
when words agree together ; and government, 
when a w r ord requires another to be put in a 
particular case or mood. 



CONCORD. 

There are three concords ; the first, be- 
tween the nominative case and the verb : 
the second, between the substantive and the 
adjective : the third, between the antecedent 
and the relative. 

The nominative case and the verb. 

The verb agrees v*ith its nominative case 
in number a^d person, as, 

Uhllelm cynj jeap. Chron. Sax. 

William the king gave. 

Two or more nominatives singular will 
have a verb plural, as, 



62 

pajiolb eojil ^ Leoppine pojian to Bpyj- 
ptrope. Sax. Chron. 

Earl Harold and Leowin went to Bristol. 

A noun of multitude singular may have a 
verb plural, as, 

Daet: pole paep jeanbibi^enbe *] punbpo- 
bon. St. Luke. 

The people were waiting and wondered. 

Deop menrgeo hy£ pynfc 

apyp^ebe. St. John. 

This people are cursed. 

The substantive and the adjective* 
The adjective agrees with its substantive in 
gender, number, and case, as, 

pepi lp mm leopa puna. St. Matthew. 
Here is my beloved Son. 
pipijenbe Ian £ £ebeb. St. Luke. 
Pretending a long prayer. 

Two or more substantives singular will 
have an adjective plural, as, 

iElppic Scot: •} iEjeljuc Scot: pynt: £ep- 
peobe. Tes. Manu. 

JElfric Scott and JEgelric Scott are freed. 

A noun of multitude singular will have an 
adjective plural, as, 

GDycelnyp heoponlicep pepebep Cob he- 
pi^enbpa, 'j \xxy cpeSenbpa. Luke. 

A multitude of the heavenly host, praising 
God, and thus saying. 



63 

A substantive is often placed between two 
adjectives, agreeing with it in gender, num- 
ber, and case, as, 

Ofpio ye cynin£ jjumme hejijunje ^ 
unapaepnenbhce jrpopabe. Bede. 

King Oszvio suffered grievous and intoler- 
able irruptions. 

The antecedent and the relative. 
The relative agrees in gender, number, and 
case with a substantive understood after it ; 
and in gender, numbed, and person with the 
substantive going before, called its antece- 
dent, as, 

Lorn Cabpapb to Gnjla-lanb, ye paep 
Gabpapbep bpo]?op. Sax. Chron. 

Edward, who was Edxvarffs brother came 
to England. 



GOVERNMENT. 

Words put in the same case, &c. 

Two substantives, signifying the same 
thing, are put in the same case by apposi- 
tion, as, 

UMlelm cynj. Sax. Chron. 

William the king. 

Anglo-Saxon verbs are sometimes put in 
the same tense, number, and person, by 
apposition, as, 



64 

ScanbaS hep ure, pylla*S Se £ep eon. 5Sf. 

7%ej/ sta^a? //ere without, who wish to see 
thee. 

Beon and several other verbs require the 
same case after, which they have before 
them, as, 

Efob ip mm £epita. Test. Elfhel. 

God is my witness. 

Words which govern a genitive. 

When two substantives come together, sig- 
nifying different things, the latter is put in 
the genitive case, as, 

Lynninj heoponep. Alfredi. Test. 

The king of heaven. 

This genitive is sometimes changed into a 
dative, as, 

pym to pulfcume. Bede. 

For a help to him, (his help.) 

An adjective in the neuter gender without 
a substantive ; is followed by a genitive, as, 

GDicel hepijep. Bede. 

A great army. 

Gal pincep. Fr. Jud. 

All the treasure. 

Adjectives which signify desire, knowledge, 
or ignorance, are followed by a genitive, 
as, 

UUeojiSmynSa jeojin. Boca £leap. Boet. 

Desirous of honour. Skilled in books. 



65 

» 

Unpip jobcunban naman ^ ^ e ^ ea F an • 
Bede. 

Ig) tor ant of the divine name and faith. 

The part of time, answering to the ques- 
tion when, is put in the genitive, as, 

Daep bajep. Jos. 

That day. 

Da^ep ^ nihtrep. 

By day and night. 

Praise, blame, or quality of a thing, are 
put in the genitive, as, 

Irobpe jleauneppe cniht:. Bede. 
A boy of good disposition. 
Folc heapbep mobep. Exodus. 
People of a hard mind. 

The interrogative hpa, requires a genitiv 
after it, as, 

ppa pippia monn. Boet. 

Which of the wise men. 

ppaet; ypelep. St. Mark. 

What evil. 

The substantive verb beon, followed in 
English by of, governs a genitive, as, 

Da Sinj $e pynb Gobep. St. Matthew 

The things which are God's. 

Gajit: J?u ujiep ^epepep. Jos. 

Art thou of our company. 

Verbs of tempting, asking, helping, tasting, 
pitying, &c. govern a genitive case, as, 
Ne panba \u Sinep Gobep. Deut. 
Tempt not thy God. 



66 

Irip hijr y unu hine bir hlapep. St. Mat. 
If his son ask of him a piece of bread. 
Erob iElrmhrij helpe ujie. M.S. Sax. 
God Almighty help as. 
Daep pinep onbyji^be. St. John. 
Tasted the wine. 
Ujie jemiltpob; St. Mark. 
Pity us. 

Partitives, numerals, and superlatives, go- 
vern a genitive, as, 

Sunie "Sapa bocepa. St. Luke. 

Some of the scribes. 

Tpejen Saejia leo^epa. St. Mat. 

Two false witnesses. 

Galjia paeba laept. 6Y. Mark. 

The least of all seeds. 

Galjia pyjifca niaept:. >SV. Mark. 

Greatest oj all herbs. 



DATIVE. 

Words compounded of epen, epn, enm, as 
also nouns ending in pull and lice, have a 
dative after them, as, 

Gpen-laecan ]?am apoptolum. /Ftf/?. CVtf. 

To imitate the apostles. 

Gmn-pajiig heom. Oros. 

Pitying them. 

UJujvSpull J>am cynninjum. J?//. 

.7b 6e honoured by kings. 

Unapee^enbiice aem;gum. Chron. Sad. 

Not to be told to any one. 



67 

The verb pylian or pyh^ean, to follow », 
governs a dative case, as, 

Da pceap hym pyhjeaS. St. John. 

The sheep follow him. 

Dap tracnu pyhaS J?am ]?e jelypaS. iSf. 

77/e«?e sijgTW s//tf// /o/to them that believe. 

Verbs used acquisitively govern a dative, 
as, 

dp bpa him pihtep bibbe. Leges Inez. 
]j any one demand justice of him. 
Do# pel J?am \e eop ypel boS. /Sf . Mat. 
Do well to them that do evil to you. 

Verbs of commanding and obeying govern 
a dative, as, 

Fncleanum jgaptum bebyt: -} hi hyppu- 
mia® him. £/. Mark. 

He commandeth the unclean spirits and they 
obey him. 

" Verbs of giving, administering, restoring, 
serving, rebuking, and forbidding govern a 
dative case, as, 

Nellan £e pylian \&c halite hunbum. 
St. Mat. 

Give not that which is holy to the dogs. 

peo ]?enobe him. St. Mark. 

She iituristered to them. 

Snb bpohre }>a j?pit:t:]£ pcylhnjap t:o 
}*>oepa pacepba ^ ealbjium. A7. ilitf/. 



68 

And brought back the thirty pieces of silver 
to the chief priests and elders. 

Ne maeg man J?eop t:pam hlapojibum 
J>eopian. St. Luke. 

No man can serve two masters. 

Da cibbon hip leopnin£-cniht;ap )>am J?e 
hi bpohron. St. Mark. 

His disciples rebuked those that brought 
them. 

5nb ne pojibeobe £e him. St. Mark. 

And J or bid them not. 

Verbs of judging and thanking govern a 
dative, as, 

Denial him be eoppe ae. St. John. 
Judge him according to your law. 
pym $ancobe. St. Luke. 
He thanked him. 

Verbs of favouring, telling, answering, 
profiting, and believing, govern a dative, as, 

Pilatup polbe J?a jmm polce ^ecpeman. 
St. Mark. 

Pilate wished to favour the people. 

Spa paebep me paebe. St. John. 
■ What the Father hath told me. 

Snppajiapt; J?u ppa Jmm bipceope. St. John. 

Answerest thou the high-priest [bishop] so. 

ppaefc pjiemaS men. St. Mark. 

What shall it profit a man. 

Fojiftam \w minum pojibum ne ^elypbept:. 
St. Luke. 

Because thou believest not my word. 



69 
ACCUSATIVE. 

All transitive verbs require an accusative 
after them, as, 

Laebbon hyne £o Caiphan. St. Mat. 

They led him to Caiphas. 

Ire-ebalfabon hyne. St. Mark. 

They reviled him. 

Verbs of asking, teaching, and some others, 
govern a double accusative, as, 

pine axobon f bijfpel. Si. Mark. 

They asked him the parable. 

De-bo hme jwhtey pyjVSe. Leges Ince. 

Let him do him justice. 



ABLATIVE. 



A substantive with a participle, or two 
substantives with the word being, understood 
between them, governed by no other word in 
the sentence are put in the ablative absolute, 
as, 

Cebijebum cneopum. St. Mark. 

With bended knees, (i.e. knees being bent.) 

pyin £y<- f ppeeenbum. St. Mark. 

tie act speaking. 

The excess or deficiency of measure, are 
put in the ablative, a.*>, 

Djiym munduui tiiejijia. Men. 

Higher by three palms. 



70 



GOVERNMENT OF DIFFERENT CASES. 

Adjectives which signify plenty, want, 
likeness, desert, guilt, and the substantive 
pana, are followed sometimes by a genitive, 
and sometimes by an ablative, as, 

Fulle beabjia bana. St. Mat. 

Full of dead mens bones. 

Feop pana. JElf. 

Want of money. 

Din jelica. Boet. 

Like thee* 

(Pebep pyyt'Se. St. Luke. 

Worthy of reward. 

Deader P c y lbl S- St * Mat: 

Guilty of death. 

When the words £e or }x)nne, are omitted 
after a comparative, the word following is 
put in the genitive or ablative, as, 

GDajie eallum onpaejbnyjyum. St. Mark. 

More than all sacrifices. 

Space, distance, and measure, are put in 
the genitive, or accusative, as, 

Yncep lan£. Leges JElf. 

An inch long. 

Gahtra hunb mila Ian £. Bede. 

Eight hundred milts long. 

The duration of time, answering to the 
question how long, is put in the accusative, 
or ablative, as, 

Dpy bajap, or ]?jum ba£um. 

Three days. 



71 

The instrument, cause, or manner of an 
action is put in the genitive, dative, or accu- 
sative, as, 

Irobep rubjiep ^ halijep jep sehj. Bede. 

Happy in a good and holy offspring. 

6ajim "SaRjr \ e he naep)?. Boet. 

Wretched for that which he hath not. 

IDepan un^ehmpep. Chron. Sax. 

To bewail misfortune. 

pe heopobe micclum J?aep polcep pynna. 

mif. 

He much lamented the people's sins. 

Verbs of accusing and depriving, govern a 
genitive, a dative, or an ablative of the thing, 
as, 

Dyjinurn jepin^um betoken. Leges Ince. 

Accused of secret crimes. 

Bejn apian bohtyia. Gen. 

To deprive of his daughters. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

When two verbs come together, the latter 
is put in the infinitive mood, as, 

Ne polbe him laetran palban hip eojilbo- 
mep. Chron. Sax. 

Would not allow him to act upon his earl- 
dom« 

Instead of a nominative case, verbs in the 
infinitive mood have an accusative before 



72 

them, the conjunction that being understood, 
as, 

Ere je^eo'S me habban. St. Luke. 

You see that / have. 

Secjaj? hyne libban. St. Luke. 

They say that he lives. 

The derivative infinitive is used for gerunds 
and supines, as, 

Lorn j?u uj* to pojvppillanne. St. Mark. 

Art thou come to destroy us. 

pytz \y eaj?elic tro cpe)mnne. 

It is easy to be said. 

pyx: ly tima ro lupi^enne. 

It is time for loving. 



IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

Verbs impersonal are of three kinds. 

1st. Those expressed by man and the verb, 
as, man bp.oh<ce, one brought. 

2no. By the pronoun singular hyt: aud the 
verb, a^, hy<c J?unjiobe, it thundereu. 

3rd. By the verb alone, as, me Jnnc}>, me- 
thinks. 

Some Anglo-Saxon imperso als require 
an accusative of the person, and a dative 
of the tiling, as, 

Done pelejan lypr aupealbej\ Boet. 

The rich man wishes j or power. 



Others have a dative of the person, and a 
genitive of the thing, as, 

J?p*^r behmpj? \\y ro J?e. Boet. 

What does this concern you. 

The impersonal Irebypa'S, signifying care, 
governs a double dative, as, 

pyin ne jebyjiaj) tro ]mro pceapum. St. 
John. ~ 

He careth not for the sheep. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

i 

A denial in Anglo-Saxon is often expressed 
by two or more negatives, as, 

Ne om ic na Ejiif c. St. John. 

J am not the Christ. 

Reciprocals are often used by the Anglo- 
Saxons, as, 

Ic me ^ejieyc. JElf. Gr. 

I rest myself. 

Onbpaeb J?e Jnnne Gob. Lev. 

Fear thou thy God. 

Prepositions in composition govern the 
cases, which they govern when alone, as, 

iEtrpeolan paeccum ^ jebebum. Bede. 

To be constant in watchings and prayers. 

Deet: lanb eall Suph-pop. Chron. Sax. 

He past thro all that land. 

The Anglo-Saxons often take the preposi- 
tion from before the noun to which it should 



be prefixed, and affix it to a word at the end 
of the sentence, thus for, 

Opep ealle J?a pcipe 0ND6 he pcpipe. 
Is read, 

Opep ealie ]?a pcipe DG he ON pcpipe. 

Conjunctions couple like cases, moods, and 
tenses, as, 

pepeman ^ Galbpeb popon to Rome, 
Chron. Saa\ 

Hereman and Ealdred went to Rome. 

Da pejibon ^ pumne man opplo^on. Chr. 
Sax. 

Then they went and slew a certain man. 

Interjections govern an accusative or voca- 
tive, as, 

Gop me. 

Ah me! 

Gala J?u. 

Holloa you ! 



75 



PKAXIS. 



Ic lupine. 

Du nemjt. 

pe cpae)?. 

We pictaj?. 

Sece ge. 

pi nyptron. 

8e cynninj bjuncaeS. 

Speon hine ealne bae£, 

Bjxeoreue pibbe haepbe. 

Erob anppapebe. 

pep bep pecaS ]?at: cilb. 

Ic ywbe p 0$. 

CDopep up ppiat;. 

Ne yiaebbe je ]?ip jeppiit:. 

Ic pranbe on J?ap healpe. 

Papmembep pe pceop jebobe. 

pi bohron pyjitr-jemanj. 

Se te J?eop opphhj? 

Epipt: paep tro beaS popbemeb. 

Ne com intro J?am temple. 

Ic eom on hypa miblene. 

IDylt \u hal beon. 

Da pepbe he )?ujih hypa miblen* 

pe ajiap ^ pepbe to hip hupe. 



76 

£>u hyt; y^yc. 
Pilat:up punbpube. 

Capr if Gob. 

Jjreopnpull ])u eajit:. 

Ic ^ Faebep pynt an. 

pe mihce Jip tie polbe. 

Ere ne ongytra]?. 

Opep ppa manejga J^eoba. 

!Xcpa bine hip pipena. 

TCpenban op hiepe prebe. 

pi plu^on opep Tamepe. 

Ic penb jpetan. 

Iohannep popbasb him* 

Daet: ealbe lp betepe. 

Ne t;yn Jm Ipme neah- jebujiap. 

Du £epilp£ Gobep haepe, 

8e mona peaxj? ^ pana]?. 

£pipt: ge-pew: )np jebeb. 

Gapt; J?u lubea cymnc. 

Jjobep Jypu paep on him. 

OOin jepitrnep ip po$. 

ppaet: pmea^e je betrpeox eop. 

Sceal ic hon eopejine cyninje. 

Da pasbe he hym ept: o]?ep bijppell. 



dp ic me penb to ]?ipep polcep borne, 
pep pinbon )?3epa manna naman appitrene. 
8e hata pumop bpyn £]? ^ geapp.<)? paeb. 
pep pputrela]} on )?ippe Lpiptrep bee. 
Ne je ne puppen eoppe mepegpo'cu 
^opopan eoppan ppynon. 



77 

Spa p pa ealle ptreoppan peopSa}? onhhee 
3 £ebipht:e op Saejie punnan. 

Donne ic ymbe ppelc pmeahcopr ]?ence. 

Nan puht: naepe pyppe ]?onne un jepceab- 
pipnep. 

Gejabepobon ]:a j?e£enap hi ealle on 
Copoppic-pcipe. 

Bibba}? bpihten f hip Jmnoppaba £ep- 
picon. 

torn pe .cyn£ epr ongean to Cnjle- 
lanbe. 

t>py bo ge ^ eop alypeb nyp on pept> 
ba£um. 

Hob hypbe yy\\ hyp lip pop. hip 
pceapon. 

Sylvan pop pe paelenb to Gahlea. 

Du eapt: mm Ixob anb mm Djiihten* 

Cob lupobe mibban-eapb ppa ^ he pealbe 
hyp ancenneban Sunnu. 

Ere pylpe me pynb to jepitneppe "Sac ic 
peebe. 

Ne eom ic Eprpc. ac ic eom apenb bepo- 
pan hyne. 

GOin Jeoc yp pynpum *j min bypSen yp 
leoht. 

ppaep lp ]?eop anhcnyp *] J?ip jeppir. 

Ne maej ic nan J?in£ bon ppam me pyl- 
pum. 

Ne nan man ne pent: nipe pin on ealbe 
bytta. 

8e paelenb]?a apenbe hyp prepne -j popJ> 
pepbe. 

H 



78 



Lupa )?inne nehpfcan p pa J?e pylpne. 

Luma'S to me ealle ]?e ppmcaS anb jepy- 
mebe pynt:. anb ic eop jebhppeje. 

Dip yp ppam Djuhfcne £epojiben ^ hit: 
yp punbojihc on ujium eajum. 



79 



VOCABULARY. 



3lc, con. but. 

acpan, verb, to ask. 

alyjran, verb, to allow. 

an, noun of number, one. 

ancenneba, adject, only-begotten. 

anb, con. and. 

anlicnep, sub. likeness. 

anp pajiian, verb, to answer. 

ajiipan, vgrb, to arise. 

apenban, verb, to send. 
apenban, verb, to depart. 
apjiitan, verb, to write. 
Bee, sub* a book. 
bepojian, prep, before. 
beon, sub. verb, to be. 
betepe, comp. adj. better. 
betpeox, prep, between, among. 
bibban, verb, to ask, pray. 
bi£ppell, sub. a parable. 
Bjieofcene, sub. Britain. 
by£an, verb, to bay. 
byjiSen sub. a burden. 
bytt, sub. a bottle. 
Eilb, sub. a child. 



80 

cuman, verb, to come. 

cpaeSan, verb, to say. 

cymn £e, sub, a king. 

Dsej, sub. a day. 

bea®, sub. death. 

borne, sub. doom, opinion, decree. 

bon, verb, to do. 

bpihten, sub. a lord. 

bjiincan, verb, to drink. 

bpyn^an, verb, to dry, to ripen. 

6a£, sub. an eye. 

eal, adj. all. 

ealb, adj. old. 

ept, adv. often, again. 

Gopoppic, sub. York. 

Faebep, sub. a father. 

pep^an, verb, to go. 

peptr, sub. a feast. 

pieman, verb, to flee. 

pole, sub. folk. 

poji, prep. Jor. 

popbeoban, verb, to forbid. 

popbeman, verb, to condemn. 

pop®, &dv.jorth. 

popSpepan, verb, to go forth. 

rpam, prep, from, of. 

Irapt:, sub. a ghost, a spirit. 

jgeappian, ver. to ripen. 

£ebeb, sub. a command. 

^ebhppian, ver. to ?nake light, or joyful. 

£ebpihtan, ver. to illuminate. 

Jzebon, ver. to make, or do. 



81 

jepillan, ver, to Jill 

jejabejuan, ver. to colled. 

jeoc, sub. a yoke. 

jeopmpnll, adj. careful 

jepertan, ver. to set, or appoint. 

£eppican, ver. to cease. 

£epyman, ver. to load. 

£epit:nepp 3 sub. a witness, testimony. 

£epopban, ver. to be done. 

^eppitran, ver. to write. 

£epptit:, sub. scripture, inscription. 

£ip, con. if m 

Irob, sub. God. 

£ob, adj. good. 

^jxetan, ver. to greet. 

Jypu, sub. a gift. 

pabban, ver. to have. 

haelenbe, sub. a healer, a saviour. 

haepe, sub. a house. 

hal, adj. whole, healed, 

hat, adj. hot. 

he, pron. he. 

healp, sub. side, half. 

hep, adv. here. 

honan, ver. to hang. 

hupe, sub. a house. 

hpa, inter, pron. who. 

hpy, adv. why. 

hypibe, sub. a shepherd. 

Ic, pron. /. 

into, prep. into. 

Leoht, adj. light. 



82 

lip> sub. a life. 

lupian, ver. to love. 

COas^an, ver. to be able. 

man, sub. a man. 

manej, adj. many. 

mepejpofc, mh. a pearl. 

mibban-eapb, sub. the world. 

miblen, sub. middle, midst. 

mm, pron. poss. mine. 

mona, sub. mas. the moon. 

Naspe, for ne pagpe, ver. see beon. 

nama, sub. a name. 

nan, forns an, adj. we, / W ow . 

ne, adv. «#?; ;*%'. 

neah- Jebup, sub. a neighbour* 

nehptra, sub. a neighbour. 

nemnan, ver. to name. 

nip, adj. new. 

nyp, for ne yp, ver. see beon. 

nypfcan, nytan, ver. to be ignorant of. 

Op, prep, of, from. 

F e Jh P r ep- over. 

opplean, ver. to slay. 

on, prep, on, in. 

ongean, adv. again. 

ongytan, ver. to know. 

onhhtan, ver. to enlighten." 

oSep, adj. another. 

Raeban, ver. to read. 

Saeb, sub. a seed. 

pceap, sub. a sheep. 

pceop, sub. a poet, an artist. 



83 

pcipe, sub. a shire. 

ye, yeo, \&c, article, the* 

j-ealban, ver. to give. . 

j-ecan, ver. to seek. 

fejan, ver. to say, speak. 

penban, ver. to send. 

pbbe, sub. peace. 

pttan, ver. to sit. 

pneajan, ver. to enquire. 

j-meahcoj- r, adv. very intently. 

yo®, adj. true. 

ppeonan, ver. to urge, persuade. 

jtanban, ver. to stand. 

pceb, sub. a place, stead. 

p:epne, sub. an institution. 

jteopjia, sub. a star. 

punoji, sub. summer. 

pinna, sub. fern, the sun. 

pinnu, sub. a son. 

yy&, adv. so. 

p>a yya, adv. like as. 

yyelc, adj. such. 

pnncan, ver. to labour. 

pputelian, ver. to be manifest. 

ppyn, sub. a swine. 

p ylan, ver. to give. 

pylp, adj. self. 

py'&San, adv. afterwards. 

Temple, sub. a temple. 

to, prep. to. 

fcopojian, prep, before. 

t;ynan 3 ver. to be angry with. 



84 

Da, adv. then. 

J^encan, ver. to think. 

]?e£en, sab. a thane, a baron. 

]?eob, sub. a nation. 

]>eoy, sub. a thief. 

1pm, proa. poss. thine. 

)nn£, sub. a thing. 

\\y, pron. dem. this. 

\oune, adv. than, that. 

J?onne ; con. then. 

\x\, pron. thou. 

Jmnojiaba, sub. thunder. 

Jmjih, prep, through. 

Un£ej~ ceabpip nep , sub. imprudence. 

UUanian, ver, to wane. 

pexan, ver. to wax, to increase. 

penban, ver. to go, to wend. 

peojaSan, ver. to be. 

pin, sub. wine. 

pipan, sub. morals. 

ppitran, ver. to write. 

puhfc, sub. a thing. 

punboplic, adj. wonderful. 

punbjiian, ver. to wonder. 

puppan, ver. to cast, to throw* 

pynpum, adj. easy, pleasant. 

pypp.e, adj. worse. 

pypr-£eman, sub. aromatics. 

Ymbe, prep, about. 



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